The Study Skills Handbook Essay Example for Free

The Study Skills Handbook Essay In order to overcome the weaknesses of both the cross-sectional and longitudinal approach most developmental psychologists use a combination of the two in a single study as illustrated by Schaie (1965). He conducted a study of dependency behaviour in two, five and eight year olds. The first part of the study, which was cross-sectional, required data to be collected at all three age points. The longitudinal approach was then used following an interim of three years, when the two year olds reached the age of five and the five year olds reached the age of eight. If this study was simply longitudinal it would have taken six years before data collection was complete, therefore the combination of both approaches represents a fifty percent saving in time. It also allows for a check to be carried out on a possible cohort effect. Both data collection methods, the longitudinal and cross-sectional approach, can produce different findings on the same study. Weschslers cross-sectional study showed a decline in intelligence from the age of twenty. In contrast Schaie and Willis longitudinal study of intelligence showed an increase in intelligence up until the age of fifty. The reasons for the different findings is firstly the cohort effect, different past histories, connected to the cross-sectional approach and secondly participant attrition, that is to say participant drop out, associated with the longitudinal approach. In conclusion the longitudinal design is not the preferred approach for developmental psychologists because of the costs, time involved and participant attrition. On the other hand the cross-sectional design is very popular and is the preferred method as data covering a wide range of age points can be collected in a very short period of time. It is also cost effective and developmental questions can be answered quickly and efficiently. References Davey, G., (Ed) (2004) Complete Psychology. Oxon: Hodder Stroughton. Gleitman, H, Fridlund, A. J. F. Reisberg, D. (2004) Psychology (6th Ed.). New York: W.W.Norton. Cottrell, S., (2003) The Study Skills Handbook. (2nd Ed). Palgrave Macmillan. Millar, W.S. (2004) Methods used by Developmental Psychologists. Transcript PY 102C Developmental Psychology. Student No: 03037041

Induced Molting of Layer Birds Essay -- Animals Papers

Induced Molting of Layer Birds Induced molting of layer birds is a practice done for economical benefits. These birds are put under great stress, which should not be allowed. Further studies of humane induced molting techniques should be done to replace those that are currently used and inhumane. In nature birds undergo natural molting. During a year birds will replace all of their feather to maintain a good plumage, this usually occurs at the beginning of winter when birds do not have chicks. They can concentrate their energies to stay warm and to grow new feathers. (Animal Protection Institute, 1998) However, there also is induced molting, which is done by human influence. The later is practiced by 60% - 70% of the layer industry, so that a second cycle of laying flocks is achieved. (Macri et al., 1998) Induced molting occurs when the bird’s organism is stressed by some source that alters their environment. The most common are: lack of food and water, decrease of light, and change in diet. Food withdrawal can be up to 10 days and of water up to 2 days. The change in diet usually is a low calcium, or low sodium and also feeding a diet high in dietary zinc. All of these methods can be done separately or in any combination with each other. (Alodan and Mashaly, 1998). At the end of every laying cycle, egg quality and production are decreased. This is when induced molting is imposed to give a â€Å"rest† to the birds. After the â€Å"rest† period egg quality and production are increased when compared to the pre-molting period. There are several improvements to the egg at the post-molt period; there is a "better egg size, shell quality, internal egg quality and rate of egg production." (Alodan and Mashaly, 1998) ... ...on Caused by Salmonella Enteritidis.† Tektran, United States Department of Agriculture, Agrucultural Research Service (12/18/1998). Last visited on 09/09/2001 at http://www.nal.usda.gov/ttic/tektran/data/000007/07/0000070701.html Poultry.org, a Farm Sanctuary Campaign. â€Å"Forced Molting of Laying Birds† Last visited on 09/09/2001 at http://www.poultry.org/molting.htm Ruszler, Paul L. â€Å"The Keys to Successful Induced Molting of Leghorn-type Hens† Extension Poultry Scientist, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Virginia State Univerty. Publication Number 408-026, January 1997. Last visited on 09/09/2001 at http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/poultry/408-026/408-026.html#TOC Summer/Fall 1998 Poultry Press â€Å"Balancing Economics and Evil† Induced Molting. Last visited on 09/22/2001 at http://www.upc-online.org/summer98/molting_econ_and_evil.html#top

Into Communication in Health and Social Care

Q 6 : Give four examples of how you can you check a person has understood what you have communicated ? To check by repeating whethet the person has understood. can Be checked the person is following the instruction what has given By responding if the person has understood what has said to him By showing reaction. Q 3 A: You will have to know how to recognise what is being communicated to you and be able to commmunicate with others without always having to use words. Consider reading: How and When to Seek Advice About CommunicationWhen carried out the previous activity you will have found out that there are many factors that told you what your patiant was trying to communicate it is not only the expression on people s faces that tells you about how they fell Q 2: Identify five ways communication can help you in your work and why ? 1: Writing reports -I will write report about individuals so next shift staff can read and affect accordingly. By completing charts and records. I will mention in the care plan if any Changes have made in my shift which will help for all staff.I will communicate with my colleagues and pass all information regarding individuals. By recording and sharing appropriate information. 3 Explain why it is important to observe an individual s reactions (facial expressions,body language etc) when communicating with them ? All communication has an effect on the person you are communicating with it is a two way process called an int eraction, and it is important that you watch the effects so that any problems can be identified and dealt with.Any relationship comes about through communication in order to be effective in providing care and support, you must learn to be a good communicator. Buy communication is much more than talking to people. People communicate through A speaking,facial expression,body language, position,dress,gestures. 4: Indentify twelve barriers to effective communication ? 1: Not listening 2 : Using jargon 3 : Using slang 4 : Physical barrier 5 : Attitudinal barrier 6 : Interpersonal communication 7 : Poor lighting 8 : Inappropriate temperture : Lack of basic communication skills 10 : Lack of knowledge Emotional interference Semantic communication Q 9 : How do you seek advice regarding confidentiality ? You should seek advice on confidentiality when ever you are asked to disclose information (whether in writing or verbally) about an identifiable individual that. Includes information about bo th clients and colleagues. The only time it permissible to breach confidentiality is if you receive information. That an individual is considering actions that may bring harm to themselves or others. 0 : When would you ask for advice about confidentiality ? The only time you seek advice when a child or adult has spoke to you in confidentiality is when that person is in danger for example. If being sexually abused. Physically abused. Threatening to kill them selves etc. If the person in care is not in any danger then what is spoken between carer and caregiver has to remain between them two. Q 8 : Give three examples of when confidential information may need to be passed on ? 1 : To protect the best interests of the individual where they are risk at harm. : To protect an indiviuals health. 3 : To protect the health and safety. Q 7 : What does the term confidentiality mean ? A : It means that whatever information you tell to a service will not be passed on and the person you see won't tell anyone that you've been to see him or her without your permission . It gets more complicated if you want to talk to the service about something that he or she thinks may be harming you or someone else,like you're being hurt by someone or someone is making you do something you don't want to do .If that happens the service will talk to you and try to persuade you to get help. but if you don't agree the service can get help without your permission if he or she thinks it's best for you. This will only happen if the service is concerned about your safety. Q 6 : Give four examples of how you can you check a person has understood what you have communicated ? To check by repeating whethet the person has understood. 2: can Be checked the person is following the instruction what has given. 3: By responding if the person has understood what has said to him. 4: By showing reaction.Q 3 : A: You will have to know how to recognise what is being communicated to you and be able to commmunicate with others without always having to use words. When carried out the previous activity you will have found out that there are many factors that told you what your patiant was trying to communicate it is not only the expression on people s faces that tells you about how they fell. Q 2: Identify five ways communication can help you in your work and why ? 1: Writing reports -I will write report about individuals so next shift staff can read and affect accordingly. 2: By completing charts and records. : I will mention in the care plan if any Changes have made in my shift which will help for all staff. 4: I will communicate with my colleagues and pass all information regarding individuals. 5: By recording and sharing appropriate information. Q 3 : Explain why it is important to observe an individual s reactions (facial expressions,body language etc) when communicating with them ? All communication has an effect on the person you are communicating with it is a two way process called an in teraction, and it is important that you watch the effects so that any problems can be identified and dealt with.Any relationship comes about through communication in order to be effective in providing care and support,you must learn to be a good communicator. Buy communication is much=0D=0Amore than talking to people. People communicate through speaking,facial expression,body language, position,dress,gestures. Q 4: Indentify twelve barriers to effective communication ? 1: Not listening 2 : Using jargon 3 : Using slang 4 : Physical barrier 5 : Attitudinal barrier 6 : Interpersonal communication 7 : Poor lighting 8 : Inappropriate temperture : Lack of basic communication skills 10 : Lack of knowledge 11 : Emotional interference 12 : Semantic communication=0D=0A Q 2: Identify five ways communication can help you in your work and why ? 1: Writing reports -I will write report about individuals so next shift staff can read and affect accordingly. 2: By completing charts and records. 3: I will mention in the care plan if any Changes have made in my shift which will help for all staff. 4: I will communicate with my colleagues and pass all information regarding individuals. : By recording and sharing appropriate information. =0D=0AQ 3 : Explain why it is important to observe an individual s reactions (facial expressions,body language etc) when communicating with them ? All communication has an effect on the person you are communicating with it is a two way process called an interaction, and it is important that you watch the effects so that any problems can be identified and dealt with. Any relationship comes about through communication in order to be effective in providing care and support,you must learn to be a good communicator.Buy communication is much more than talking to people. People communicate through speaking,facial expression,body language, position,dress,gestures. Q 4: Indentify twelve barriers to effective communication ? 1: Not listening 2 : Using jargon 3 : Using slang 4 : Physical barrier 5 : Attitudinal barrier 6 : Interpersonal communication 7 : Poor lighting 8 : Inappropriate temperture 9 : Lack of basic communication skills 10 : Lack of knowledge 11 : Emotional interference 12 : Semantic communication Q 9 : How do you seek advice regarding confidentiality ? #You should seek advice on confidentiality when ever you are asked to disclose information (whether in writing or verbally) about an identifiable individual that. Includes information about both clients and colleagues. The only time it permissible to breach confidentiality is if you receive information. That an individual is considering actions that may bring harm to themselves or others. Q 10 : When would you ask for advice about confidentiality ? The only time you seek advice when a child or adult has spoke to you in confidentiality is when that person is in danger for example. If being sexually abused. Physically abused.Threatening to kill them selves etc. If the person in care is not in any danger then what is spoken between carer and caregiver has to remain between them two. Q 8 : Give three examples of when confidential information may need to be passed on ? 1 : To protect the best interests of the individual where they are risk at harm. 2 : To protect an indiviuals health 3 : To protect the health and safety. Q 7 : What does the term confidentiality mean ? It means that whatever information you tell to a service will not be passed on and the person you see won't tell anyone that you've been to see him or her without your permission .It gets more complicated if you want to talk to the service about something that he or she thinks may be harming you or someone else,like you're being hurt by someone or someone is making you do something you don't want to do . If that happens the service will talk to you and try to persuade you to get help. but if you don't agree the service can get help without your permission if he or she thinks it's best for yo u. This will only happen if the service is concerned about your safety.

Same Sex Marriage Should Be Legal - 1188 Words

The United States Supreme Court has recognized that multiple rights related to family that fall within the right to privacy and are granted significant constitutional protection. It is a matter of some dispute, however, which rights do or should fall within the contours of the right to privacy and, further, how narrowly those rights should be defined - most specifically, the topic of same sex marriage. While a copious amount of people agree that same sex marriage is no different than heterosexual marriage and should be awarded the same protection, others argue that it is an infringement upon family values, tradition, and religious sensibilities. Over the past few years, several state appellate courts have looked at whether their†¦show more content†¦A matter of some dispute includes the criteria that is used by the Court to decide which rights qualify for this raised protection and how the extent of those rights should be defined. During the 1970s, a gay rights movement, patterned in many ways after the civil rights and women’s rights movements, developed momentum as the sexual revolution spurred new social and sexual mores, which in turn prompted legislatures to repeal many state laws regulating sexuality. For instance, some 20 states, including California and Ohio, struck from the books their anti-sodomy laws. Still, by the mid-1980s, laws that prohibited certain acts between people of the same sex, and in some cases between those of the opposite sex, remained in force in 25 states. (The Constitutional Dimensions of the Same-Sex Marriage Debate) Although the legal battle over same-sex marriage is rooted, in part, in the question of whether state and federal constitutions protect a right to privacy, the word â€Å"privacy† never actually appears in the U.S. Constitution. (Shmoop Editorial Team, The Gay Marriage Debate and the Due Process Clause) However, the Constitution does recognize several rights relating to privacy. For example, the Fourth Amendment recognizes the importance of privacy interests when it stipulates that because citizens